- Olivier Costa
- 6 juin
- 8 min de lecture
Dernière mise à jour : 10 juin
Donald Trump's antics and United States protectionism are affecting the global economy. But they are also creating a potentially salutary crisis, calling on the major powers to reconsider their alliances and priorities, as well as the dependence in which many find themselves on the United States - from the point of view of security, trade or new technologies. Is this an opportunity for the European Union (EU) and China to reconsider their relationship, which began exactly 50 years ago? Is it possible to overcome the obstacles that led to a freeze in negotiations between the two blocs in 2021? Can their relations be balanced?

Social networks have widely circulated a letter, supposedly from Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum to Donald Trump, arguing that the 7 billion people on the planet who are not US citizens can find ways to trade and dialogue with each other, and do without US services and products.

The letter is apocryphal, but its success has shown that the citizens of the countries targeted by the outbursts of the American President are ready to mobilise to boycott the United States and find alternatives. But the task is not a simple one. While one can decide overnight to prefer brands other than Tesla, Nike or Coca-Cola, or go on holiday to another country, one cannot easily reconfigure supply chains and revise a commercial and diplomatic strategy that has been established since the Second World War. What's more, given that the United States accounts for more than a quarter of the world's GDP and for the bulk of the EU's trade, it is difficult to imagine substituting other trading partners in the short term.

It was with this in mind, however, that the President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen signed the free trade agreement with Mercosur last December and relaunched negotiations with other powers (Malaysia, Mexico, Australia, Philippines, Indonesia, etc.). She also intends to diversify the EU's value and supply chains and develop its own capacities, for example in the field of rare earths. But what role can China play in these developments?
Complex and tense relations
From a strategic point of view, the EU sees China as a partner, an economic competitor and a systemic rival. It is a partner when it comes to global issues such as climate change, public health and nuclear non-proliferation, issues that are common to both blocs. It is also a feared economic competitor in areas such as new technologies, the green industry, cars and artificial intelligence. Finally, it is a systemic rival, because the EU and China have divergent conceptions of global governance, human rights and democratic values. Nevertheless, China is one of the EU's main trading partners: in 2023, bilateral trade exceeded 850 billion euros. And it is likely to intensify because, despite its current difficulties, the Chinese economy is developing rapidly and remains the engine of global growth.

But the leaders of the EU institutions feel that the relationship is not satisfactory: they criticise the limited access to certain Chinese markets, are concerned about the Union's dependence on strategic imports - such as rare earths and solar panels - and denounce Chinese state subsidies to certain sectors. Since 2023, the Commission has launched several investigations, notably into Chinese electric vehicles, which are suspected of benefiting from unfair state aid.
EU-China relations are also troubled by several sensitive issues. There is the long-standing issue of human rights, particularly the repression in Xinjiang. There is the situation in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Tensions are also arising from the measures taken by the EU against Chinese companies involved in 5G mobile telephony infrastructure, particularly Huawei. Finally, there is China's position on the war in Ukraine; Beijing maintains an official position of neutrality but is suspected in Europe of supporting its historic ally.
Freeze on the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment
These tensions have led to an impasse in the negotiations on the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI). This treaty was intended to facilitate reciprocal access to markets, improve the transparency of the rules that apply to Chinese companies in Europe and vice versa, and protect each other's investments. Negotiations were launched in 2013 and culminated in the signing of a text at the end of 2020, under pressure from the German Council Presidency, which was keen to bring this dossier to a close. However, the ratification process came up against the hostility of the European Parliament. In response, the Chinese authorities banned 10 MEPs, academics and representatives of European institutions from visiting China. As a result, the EP suspended all official dialogue with Beijing.
Formally, the CAI still exists, but it is no longer considered viable. As a result, the 2025 map of EU trade agreements produced by the Commission does not refer to it anymore, and China is no longer in the (yellow) category of countries with which negotiations are underway.

Opinions on this agreement are very divided. The same is true of the EU's free trade strategy in general, and there is no less controversy over relations with Canada and Mercosur. Supporters of the CAI praise the increased access for European companies to certain Chinese sectors (automotive, health, financial services, cloud), whether they are investing in the Chinese domestic market or producing in China for the rest of the world. They emphasise China's commitments on the transparency of subsidies and respect for labour law, as well as the legal protection of foreign investment. Opponents of the agreement, on the other hand, believe that it provides more advantages for China in the short term, that the guarantees are insufficient in terms of human rights and trade union freedoms, and that the overall context of relations between China and the EU no longer lends itself to an agreement. They believe that priority should now be given to economic "de-risking", i.e. limiting dependence on particular partners, and that mechanisms for controlling inward and outward investment should be strengthened.
Deep divisions about the EU-China relations
The possibility of relaunching negotiations with China depends on the emergence of a consensus within the European Council and the European Parliament (EP). For the time being, Member States and political groups are divided, advocating three distinct approaches.
Firstly, there are the hardliners (France, Lithuania, Czech Republic) who are calling for a firmer stance on Beijing. This is also the case at the EP with the Greens/EFA group, which is particularly tough on human rights and the environment, and is calling for strong measures to prevent the Union becoming strategically dependent and to safeguard the security of computer data. The Left (GUE/NGL group) shares this critical point of view, but also denounces the Union's foreign policy, which is judged to be neo-colonial, and rejects the very concept of free trade in favour of a multipolar conception of the world.
Other countries (Germany, Hungary) favour commercial stability and pragmatic cooperation, and are more concerned about commercial issues (exports to China, Chinese investment on their soil). In the European Parliament, this line is defended by the EPP group (Christian Democrats): while it criticises the infringement of human rights and is concerned about Chinese interference, it remains in favour of free trade, subject to fairer rules and greater reciprocity.
A final group includes supporters of "de-risking", who want the EU to reduce its dependence on China and ensure its strategic autonomy, without breaking economic ties with Beijing. In the EP, this line is taken by the S&D (Socialists) and Renew (centrists and liberals) groups. They are concerned about rights and freedoms and, in economic matters, are critical of dumping and forced labour practices. As such, they played a key role in blocking the CAI in the European Parliament in 2021. This is also broadly the position of the radical right and eurosceptic groups, who nonetheless - on this issue as on many others - have complex and fragmented positions. They have little concern for human rights, but see China as a strategic threat. Economically, they favour protectionism. Finally, they tend to align themselves with the hostility of the United States towards China - particularly since the return of Donald Trump to the White House. Some parties, however, such as the Rassemblement National in France and Fidesz in Hungary, are particularly conciliatory towards the Chinese authorities.
What are the prospects for relations between China and Europe?
Despite the persistent stalemate over the CAI dossier, there are several reasons to believe that developments are conceivable in the short to medium term.
Firstly, in the context of growing tensions with the United States, both the EU and China need new partnerships. These are economies whose prosperity is based on exports, and which depend on imports for certain goods and services. It is impossible for them to achieve self-sufficiency in many areas in the medium term, and their domestic market cannot absorb all their production. What's more, in negotiations with the United States, invoking a third party (the EU for China, and vice versa) can prove invaluable. For the EU, re-engaging with Beijing means signifying to the Trump administration that a real negotiation is needed and that it is not in a position to impose its conditions unilaterally. This would be particularly the case if the EU and China were to align their positions on a given issue. This analysis also applies to the Chinese negotiators, who will no doubt take advantage of their contacts with the European Union in their exchanges with the US administration.
Secondly, there has been a weakening of the political forces most hostile to China, particularly following the European elections in June 2024, which saw a marked decline in the numbers of the Greens and the Liberals and, to a lesser extent, the Socialists. Conversely, parties in favour of closer ties with China and greater economic pragmatism have the wind in their sails, both in the EP and in the European Council. Several national leaders of the radical right - notably Viktor Orban - are very committed to bilateral relations with China.
Thirdly, there has been a degree of de-escalation. On 8 April 2025, President von der Leyen spoke on the phone with Chinese Premier Li Qiang. On 6 May 2025, the spokesman for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that China and the European Parliament had agreed to simultaneously lift restrictions on contacts and agreed on the importance of strengthening dialogue and cooperation between China and the EU. EU leaders are expected in Beijing at the end of July for a summit with President Xi Jinping to mark the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two blocs.
Finally, public opinion is changing. China's image is mechanically improving as that of the United States and Russia deteriorates. People, even those with little knowledge of current geopolitical issues, understand that the EU's economic prosperity depends on its ability to trade on a global scale, and that new partnerships need to be developed in this direction. The map below shows how this is changing. In red are the countries whose citizens have a better image of China than of the United States. We can see that Atlanticism is in sharp decline in Europe, which creates a positive context for the resumption of negotiations with China.

A form of political realism is emerging, both in the European institutions and in public opinion. There is a tendency to consider that the Union cannot claim to be in dialogue only with countries whose regimes are fully democratic, because their number is shrinking every year... Faced with the political drift underway in the United States and the aggressiveness of Russia, as well as the situation in Gaza, the sharp tensions between India and Pakistan, and the growing hostility of many African countries towards the Union, Europeans may have to revise their position on China.
Olivier Costa - olivier.costa@cnrs.fr
